ARIHANT अरिहंत

1. 26 July 2009: INS Arihant (means slayer of enemy) is the first indigenous nuclear submarine





2. Inagurated by PM's wife Smt Gurusharan Kaur in Vishakhapattanam dry dock (submarines are launched by lady)





3. India has the policy of second strike in nuclear weapons (attack in self defence)





4. Arihant developed entirely in India with the collaboration of Russia. A special alloy steel and nuclear reactor used in it, was supplied by Russia. [30,000Cr project, 6000 Tonne Arihant powered by 85 MW capacity nuclear reactor; surface speed - 22-28 km/h; submerged speed - 44 km/h (24 knots) ]





5. India now joins exclusive club of five countries USA, Russia, UK, France and China who have capability to develop Nuclear submarine





6. It is just a coincidence that sea launching of Submarine held on Russian Naval Day





7. As per Defence Minister AK Antony, this project, dreamed by Late PM Indira Gandhi, completes today 26 July 2009





8. Arihant will be loaded with Sagarika missile which have capability to counteract in the event of nuclear attack



9. It has unlimited range except food supplies (Submarines have to come on the water surface for taking the oxygen while in nuclear powered submarines it is not required, so it can be in deep water even for six months)



10. This was required in the light of neighbouring security environment. It is the submarine which have capability to self defence in the event of nuclear attack. Other ground and air based systems might be destroyed in the first enemy attack itself.

अल्बर्ट आइंस्टाइन ALBERT EINSTEIN

जन्म : 14 March 1879 Ulm, Urtemberg, Jermany

मृत्यु : 18 April 1955 in Princeton, New Jercey, USA

जीवन : 76 yrs

पिता : हेरमन्न आइंस्टाइन व पुलिन आइंस्टाइन ( माता ); यहूदी परिवार में जन्म

बहन : मिलेवा मारिक प्रथम में :

• One can be genius at a later stage even if he can not speak or write properly in his childhood as was the case with Einstein, Newton and Darwin
• Einstein was a slow talker and pausing to consider what he would say but self sufficient and thoughtful in his childhood. The teacher considered him as a weak student in his classroom.
• His first job was a patent clerk as he could not succeed to get a suitable job of a science teacher after passing out his graduation degree.
• Submitted hid PhD thesis in April 1905 in University of Zurich which was acceped in July
• 1905: Published 5 papers in Annalen der Physik which revolutionised physics.
• In first paper, he proposed light as an electromagnetic radiation must consist of quantums or photons of discrete energy which also act as a particle. This work became the foundation of quantum theory. With this concept of light quanta, the photo electric effect was explained.
• Second paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" deals with the objects in the two coordinate systems moving with constant speed relative to each other. This give rise to new interpretation of concept of space and time not independent to each other, constancy of speed of light and special theory of relativity
• Einstein was suffering from Dislexia and though not able to put lace of his shoes till the age of 13 yrs. But one day he got Noble prize in Physics (1921) for his great discovery "Photo Electric Effect"
• 29 May, 1919: A solar eclipse turns Einstein into an international hero.

चंद्रयान

• 14 Nov. 2008: First unmanned Indian Chandrayan in the orbit of Moon


• Moon Impact probe landed on the Moon from Chandrayan
  


• Indian tri-colour flag was placed on the Moon land


• India fourth country to register its presence on the Moon



• Chandrayan-II to be launched in 2012


• China, America and Japan are moving big space Projects so we have to compete and can not afford to remain backward in this direction: Dr Madhawan Nair


• No atmosphere in the Moon; its acceleration due to gravity is about 1/6 th of the Earth


• Chandrayan will take pictures of the Moon surface and prepare the 3-D globe map of the Moon with chemical composition of the surface


• Map will give the information about the possibility of water/ ice in the Moon as well as मिनरल्स


• A step towards possibility of bringing helium existing at the Moon in abundance to the earth in the future. Helium-3 is a an important source of clean energy. Indian scientists want to focus on this mission. They wish mining of the Moon's heleum to bring it on the Earth.
  


• Helium-3 is a scarce element on the Earth. This will be the clean source of energy without pollution. If it is brought from thr Moon; it will contribute to ease the problem of energy to a great extent.
  


• A major achievement to put Chandrayan in the Moon's orbit


• Cost is about 386 Cr





• Lunar ice is water ice that is hypothesied to exist on some part of the Moon. Discovered in 1998. Presently cost of taking 1 litre water in space is Rs 9.68 lakh. If existence of water on the Moon is proved, then it can be utilized for future space mission of the Moon. It will be thus great enthisuastic.




• 18 July, 2009 : Technical fault reported in the Star Sensor. Due to this, difficulty faced in tilting the Chandrayan towards Moon and focusing it on the Moon's surface. Star Sensor manages the direction of the satellite after evaluating the position of the stars. In the absence of it, scientists are managing this task with the help of gyroscope and Moon sensor. ISRO Chief Dr. Madhawan Nair is hopeful to rectify this fault within a week.

LCA - तेजस

Light Combat Aircraft named as Tejas by P.M. Atal Behari Vajpayee in 2003

- Light weight, multirole jet fighter developed by India

- Tailless, compound delta -wing design powered by single engine

- programme launched in 1983

- Air Staff requirement finalised in the end of 1985

- Project definition started in Sept 1987 and completed after about a year in 1988; design finalised around 1990

- A leap from 2 generation to 4.5 generation

- Kaveri engine by GTRE till then GE 404 turbofan as an interim arrangement till Kaveri is available

- unit cost around 100 crore thus much cheaper than its contemporary fighters costing 150-270 crores

- State -of-the-art-technology

- Undergoing flight testing

- inducted in 2009 in Indian Navy

- inducteed in Indian Air Force in 2010 & 2011; Service entry by 2012

- Money spent around 4500 crore

List of States with nuclear weapons:


5 considered to be nuclear weapons states are US, Russia, UK, France and China.NPT entered in 1970, three states not party to the treaty have conducted nuclear tests are India, Pakistan and North Korea. North Korea was a party to NPT but withdrew in 2003. Israel also believed to have nuclear weapons, refused to confirm or deny it. South Africa disassembled its nuclear weapons and joined NPT

NORTH KOREA

- Has weapons of mass destructions including nuke weapons and chemical weapons
2006: Conducted nuke test first time
25 May 2009: conducted another nuke test
- Became full fledged nuclear power

1945: Korea divided into North and South Korea
1950: War fought between North and South Korea
1953: Ceasefire signed but not established peace; war yet to officially end
- North Korean and American/South Korean forces operate in extreme proximity to the border adding to tensions


2005, IAEA found Iran enriching Uranium thus violating NPT, Imposed sanctions three times, Agency noted "not seen any diversion of nuclear material... nor the capacity to produce weapons usable materials